The SPD in the pilot area

The Tertiary structure inTC 12 of the pilot area

The tertiary structure near the SPD in TC12

The tertiary canal in TC 12

TC 12 , farmers start to cut the coconut trees

TC 4 with a quaternary ditch

TC 4 our field which we monitored with pictures from October 2003

TC 4 with plowed field

This is in the Rice Estate area of Jalur 8

TC 4 in the pilot area

Rice Estate area of Jalur 8

Rice Estate are Jalur 8

Rice Estate area of Jalur 8

Rice Estate area Jalur 8

TC 4 in the pilot area with Rotator plow

A 4 inches pump

Pumping near the tertiary

Pumping from tertiary into the quaternary ditches.

A pump irrigated field

Here a field with two weeks old broad-cast rice.

This field has been plowed, but is now too dry for puddling

Pilot area Jalur 6 with TC 4 and newly seeded fields

Pilot area in TC 12

Rice estate area Jalur 8

Rice estate area Jalur 8

Still in excellent condition

This done by the farmers: perfect

Overflow , using stoplogs.

Still in excellent condition

The trees give too much shadow to the rice and are cut now!

Reasonable condition.

On this picture: Plowing just completed in March/April 2004

Plowing can be done with a quite dry field., but not in a very wet field.

The soil is here too wet for plowing (no water control possible yet) and only the rotary and rake plows can be used in these conditions. To get rid of the excess weeds also Gramoxine must be used, which is not required in areas where the normal plowing can be done as drier conditions can be obtained by water control. See previous picture.

After the plowing and use of rotator plow, the rake plow is used and broad-cast sowing can start. See by the way the white water birds in the back. Lots of them can be seen here in the newly plowed fields.

With no plowing and too wet conditions easily this can happen: Broad-cast seeding fails and transplanting of young seedlings is required with a high work-load.

Another example of too wet conditions during broad-cast sowing

Some famers made an irregular ditch to get rid of the extra water

Of course this is the best solution for too wet conditions during the broad-cast seeding period.

TC 4 is excellent for using the plow in March, but too dry often for the rotator plow and the rake plow. Some adtional pumping might required in the higher spots.

For the rotary and rake plows (that means puddling the soil), pump irrigation is essential. The costs are estimated at about Euro 5 per 1.5 ha, including the hire of the pump and the diesel costs.

Modelling of the flows that pumping is possible in all tertiaries for more than 8 hours a day when gates are closed at high tide.

For fields more away from the tertiary, the quaternay ditches are essential.

It proves that by 9 hours pumping at least 1.5 ha can be irrigated and be made ready for puddling the soil with the rake and rotary plows. It proves also that plowlayers start to work as the irrigated water layer remains on the field.without significant losses.

It needs pump irrigation! This field is situated beside the field with two weeks old seedlings. (See previous picture.

This field is ready for broad-cast sowing.and in excellent condition

In general the conditions are too wet here.. No control of water is possible as there are no structures.. Improvement rquired, also to make plowing possible in between two crops.

because of the plowing problems some farmers apply a TOT system (no land preparation, Gramoxone herbicides). The seeds are directly sowed. I do not know if yields are lower here, but I assume: yes, but at less costs in between the two crops.